Respiratory Medicine 2023

Which of the following can be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?

What divides the left lung into the superior and inferior lobes?

What is the function of the goblet cells?

Regarding pulmonary function tests, which of the following changes would be expected in patients with COPD?

Which of the following does NOT usually cause pulmonary hypertension?

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary hypertension presents with bilateral pitting edema up to the ankles. Which of the following is a good choice of treatment?

Which of the following may be a complication of oral corticosteroid therapy?

Which of the following scoring systems could be used to score the upper airway obstruction?

Of the following, which pneumonia-causing pathogen is NOT paired with the appropriate curative antimicrobial?

A 65 year old male patient is being treated for pneumococcal pneumonia. His CRP level before treatment was 300. After 4 days of antibiotics, his fever broke and CRP levels went back to normal. A few days later, he started to develop fever again, CRP levels were measured to be 150. What is the best next course of action?

Which of the following is NOT a part of the pathogenesis of COPD?

Which of the following signs and symptoms is NOT always seen in patients with COPD due to emphysema?

Which of the following drugs is given to treat COPD?

Which of the following statements regarding the treatment of an acute COPD exacerbation is FALSE?

Which of the following signs and symptoms are commonly identified in pulmonary fibrosis?

Which of the following is NOT a CT finding of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Which of the following metabolic changes are associated with sarcoidosis?

Which nerve’s palsy can present with hoarseness due to the mediastinal tumor?

Which of the following is the highest stage of lung cancer?

Which of the following is most likely the commonest cause of chronic lung infection worldwide?

Which of the following is most accurate regarding nucleic acid amplification (NAA) testing for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB)?

Which of the following conditions is a well-recognized complication of treatment with ethambutol?

Which of the following is the most definitive procedure to prevent recurrent malignant pleural effusions?

An epidemiological association exists between demographic factors (e.g. age, sex, ethnicity, country of birth) and respiratory diseases. Which of the following such associations is correct?

Which of the following symptoms points to the possibility of lung malignancy?

Which of the following best describes massive/life-threatening hemoptysis?

The midclavicular line is an anatomical guide that is relevant for the treatment of which of the following conditions?

Which of the following is involved in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

How many thoracic vertebrae are present in the body?

While progressing downward along the bronchial tree, what changes occur in the structure of epithelial cells?

Which of the following flow volume loop patterns would be expected in a patient with a tracheal obstruction?

What is the treatment of choice in patients with recurrent pulmonary embolism not responding to anticoagulation?

Which of the following antigens are associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

Which of the following best describes patients with “brittle” asthma?

Which of the following conditions may lead to type 1 respiratory failure?

Which of the following is the treatment for severe obstructive sleep apnea?

A patient presenting to the emergency department with pneumonia is noted to be hypotensive and with dry oral mucosa. He is appropriately volume resuscitated via IV fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics are initiated, however his blood pressure remains low, and he begins to exhibit signs of confusion. What is the next best step in the management of the patient?

Which of the following is NOT a common complication associated with pneumonia?

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding COPD?

Which of the following signs are absent in a “pink puffer” COPD patient who is NOT in respiratory failure?

Which of the following inhalers is a common treatment for patients with severe COPD?

A conscious, well-oriented patient with COPD has an acute exacerbation that is rapidly worsening. To help support her breathing, the decision to preemptively intubate is made. When this is explained to the patient she explains that she has “do not resuscitate” as part of her advanced directives. What is the next step of management?

Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary fibrosis is false?

What findings are seen on bronchoalveolar lavage of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis patients?

Which of the following diseases are associated with extrapulmonary sarcoidosis?

Which of the following is NOT a part of Horner’s syndrome?

Which of the following statements regarding the staging of lung cancer is FALSE?

Which of the following is a common cause of acute pneumonia, especially in the pediatric population?

What kind of necrosis is most characteristic of tuberculosis?

Which of the following is the main effect of steroids in a patient with tuberculous meningitis?

Which of the following patients with pneumothorax is considered to have a primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

An otherwise healthy 25-year-old presents with sudden onset of severe dyspnea. Which of the following conditions would be the most likely diagnosis?

Frothy, pink phlegm most likely indicates which of the following pathologies?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to cause hemoptysis?

 Hearing crackles during auscultation of the posterior aspect of the chest may indicate an abnormality in which of the following structures?

Besides physical examination and history-taking, an investigation into lung diseases may include…? (Select all that apply)

 The xiphoid process is the anterior attachment point for which of the following structures?

Where do the pulmonary veins drain?

Which of the following forms of anesthesia is required to perform a bronchoscopy?

Which of the following pulmonary artery pressure values define pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following vasculitis typically involves the heart as well as the lungs?

Which of the following cells are usually found to be elevated in the blood of a patient with asthma?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic finding in a patient with ARDS?

What number of desaturations recorded during an overnight sleep study is necessary to classify a case of obstructive sleep apnea as mild?

Which of the following is a preferred diagnostic test for Legionella pneumophila?

A 24-year-old male is diagnosed with pneumonia. A culture of the pleural effusion returns positive for Klebsiella species. Which of the following was the patient’s most likely risk factor for contracting this pathogen?

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for COPD?

Which of the following features are absent in a COPD patient referred to as a “blue bloater” who is not in respiratory failure?

Which of the following is the primary treatment for COPD?

Which of the following statements regarding COPD is NOT correct?

Which of the following is NOT a change seen in pulmonary function tests of patients with pulmonary fibrosis?

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding pneumoconiosis?

Which of the following serum enzymes are known to increase in patients with sarcoidosis?

Which of the following is unlikely to be seen with a Pancoast tumor?

In a patient with NSCLC, which of the following is NOT a factor in the decision towards the patient being fit for curative surgery?

Which of the following is the most common extrapulmonary site for tuberculosis?

A young patient presents with chronic cough and bilateral hilar adenopathy on chest X-ray. Serum calcium is 12 mg/dL. Further evaluation including tuberculin skin testing reveals no abnormalities. Biopsy reveals noncaseating granulomas. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is most likely to cause an exudative pleural effusion?

Which of the following physical findings is NOT compatible with pneumothorax?

Which of the following is an UNLIKELY clinical association?

What percentage of mild hemoptysis cases are considered cryptogenic?

Which of the following is the most appropriate management step in a patient who has not responded to initial measures to control massive hemoptysis?

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of COPD?

Samples obtained during the investigation of a respiratory disease may be procured using different procedures. Which of the following would NOT be used to obtain a sample?

Which of the following does not limit oxygen diffusion?

The bronchial arteries provide blood supply to all of the following structures except…?

All of the following are downsides of CT scans, except…?

Which of the following is NOT a pathogenic cause of pulmonary hypertension?

Patients with multiple small pulmonary embolisms often present with which of the following signs and symptoms?

Which of the following immunoglobulins is usually elevated when measured in patients with asthma?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a condition in which we see type 1 respiratory failure?

Which of the following is FALSE regarding obesity hypoventilation syndrome?

Which type of pneumonia is commonly encountered in patients with active HIV infection?

Which of the following is an example of a severely immunocompromised patient in which pneumonia may develop?

Which pneumoconiosis is commonly associated with COPD?

A patient with COPD has FEV1 of 1 L and FVC of 3L. Expected values of FEV1 and FVC are 3 liters and 5 liters respectively. According to this spirometric assessment, what is the severity of the COPD?

Presence of which of the following findings in a COPD patient is NOT an indication for surgical intervention?

Which of the following is NOT a factor in deciding whether mechanical ventilation of a COPD patient is indicated?

Which of the following tests is used to confirm diagnosis of interstitial lung disease?

Which type of cancer is associated with chronic asbestos exposure?

Which of the following is the treatment of choice for severe sarcoidosis?

Which of the following is the most common etiology of space occupying lesions in the brain of patients who are more than 65 years old?

Which of the following are conditions for which palliative radiotherapy is effective?

Military tuberculosis is caused by spread through which of the following routes?

Which of the following histopathologic findings is typically expected in a patient with sarcoidosis?

Which of the following findings is typically found on percussion over the area of the chest with massive pleural effusion?

Which of the following percussion notes is most characteristic of pneumothorax?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic CT finding in asbestosis?

 Premature birth may be a predisposing factor to which of the following lung diseases?

Which of the following statements best describes the pathogenesis of infection in cystic fibrosis patients?

Normally, what vertebral level corresponds to the inferior border of the lungs?

How much does the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) change after going through the pulmonary capillary bed?

In an aircraft cabin which is pressurized to an altitude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet, oxygen saturation may drop by how much?

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of pneumonia?

Which of the following is not an indication for a chest CT scan?

Which disease may lead to pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following is unusual in the history of a patient with asthma?

Which of the following combinations would you choose for the treatment of mild asthma?

Which of the following cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of ARDS?

Which of the following is NOT a common complication of sleep apnea?

Which organism is most likely to cause pneumonia in an HIV positive patient?

Which of the following is the most commonly fatal hospital-acquired infection?

Which area of the lung fields will show emphysematous changes on chest X-ray of a patient with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Which of the following parameters is NOT altered significantly during an exacerbation of COPD due to emphysema?

 Which of the following is NOT a treatment for chronic respiratory failure in COPD?

A chronic smoker presents with dyspnea and pedal edema. He appears to have lost weight from the previous appointment. His JVP is raised on examination and you note abdominal ascites. To which of the following complications of COPD can these symptoms be attributed to?

 Which of the following is NOT a typical CT finding in patients with pulmonary fibrosis?

Which of the following diseases is associated with silicosis?

Which of the following is the most common histologic type of cancer of the lung?

Which of the following is the preferred method of detection of lung cancer metastasis to the adrenal gland?

What is the purpose of giving high dose corticosteroids when there are lung cancer metastases to the brain?

Which of the following types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) most commonly presents with constitutional symptoms with few if any localized findings?

Which of the following is the most characteristic histopathological finding of tuberculosis?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding exudative pleural effusion?

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the treatment of pneumothorax?

Which of the following lung conditions is a medical emergency?

Which of the following would suggest asthma rather than large airways obstruction?

Which of the following is NOT appropriate in the general management of cystic fibrosis?

In which of the following conditions may a pleural rub be heard during auscultation?

What are the specific barriers that gaseous molecules must pass through by diffusion when moving from the alveolar airspace to the interior of a red blood cell?

In which of the following scenarios would there be a decrease in PO2 associated with a rise in PCO2?

Regarding the efficacy of diagnostic tests, which of the following better defines sensitivity?

A 20-year-old patient comes into the ER complaining of shortness of breath. During the physical examination, you only notice pale skin and mucosae. Which of the following labs would you request first?

What is the cardiac etiology of pulmonary hypertension?

 Which of the following diseases can obstruct the large airways?

Which of the following can contribute to poor control of asthma symptoms?

Which of the following is the most common extrapulmonary cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Which of the following is seen in a sleep study done on a patient with sleep apnea?

Which of the following is the appropriate empirical therapy for a patient with a moderate (CURB 65 score of 2) community-acquired pneumonia according to UK guidelines?

Which of the following is an appropriate choice of antibiotics in a patient with ventilator-associated pneumonia?

Which one of the following cells is responsible for secretion of trypsin that is neutralized by alpha-1 antitrypsin?

Which of the following pulmonary function test values will decrease in COPD?

What are the criteria for use of long-term oxygen therapy?

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of small airway obstruction?

Which of the following statements about interstitial lung disease is TRUE?

A patient presents with new onset dyspnea. He was in the alloy industry for 30 years. Which of the following diseases must the patient be worked up for?

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding lung cancers?

Which of the following types of anemia can be seen in patients with lung cancer?

 Which of the following is a useful targeted therapy agent for the treatment of lung cancer?

Which of the following is NOT usually used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis?

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the identification of latent disease using immunological responses?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to cause malignant pleural effusions?

Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of a patient with a second episode of ipsilateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

Which of the following demographic factors is considered the most important when determining the most likely respiratory diseases in a patient?

A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with dyspnea and drooling. He has had a fever for 2 days. His past medical history is unremarkable. He is in a tripod position and appears agitated. Physical examination shows stridor. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

During auscultation, crackles may be heard in which of the following lung diseases?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by dullness to percussion and tracheal deviation towards the affected hemithorax?

On average, how many hemoglobin molecules does an erythrocyte contain?

Which of the following conditions induces respiratory muscle weakness and consequently hypoventilation?

If a test has 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity, what percentage of patients could have gotten a false-negative result?

A 54-year-old woman has a sudden onset of dyspnea with tachycardia and hypotension three days after a hysterectomy. Which of the following would be a nonspecific finding supporting a diagnosis of a pulmonary embolus?

Which of the following is NOT a sign of pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following lung volumes will increase significantly when air trapping occurs in the lungs of patients with asthma?

A patient with a 2 year history of asthma, previously well controlled, presents for progressive worsening of symptoms in spite of good adherence to treatment with scheduled steroid inhalers. He has no exposure to pets and is not a smoker. Chest X-ray is unremarkable. What pathology should this patient be worked up for?

What is the cut off for PaCO2 usually seen in type 2 respiratory failure with hypoventilation?