Neurophysiology Physiology 2023

What happens when an IPSP is generated after EPSP?

What acts as an aperture to restrict light entry into the eye?

The hair cells get bent in one direction due to the presence of which of the following substances?

Which hypothalamic nucleus is most closely associated with circadian rhythms (light and dark cycles)?

 Which of the following receptors are stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system to increase secretions in the stomach and the pancreas? The correct answer is d) Muscarinic. The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates muscarinic receptors to increase secretions in the stomach and the pancreas. Muscarinic receptors are a type of cholinergic receptor that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When these receptors are activated, they promote the release of gastric acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach, as well as the release of pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate in the pancreas. This helps to facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract.

Which of the following would NOT be possible occurrences when signal build-up occurs?

Which of the following occurs during the dark current?

Binding of an odorant to an odorant receptor on olfactory cells results in which of the following?

 Which hypothalamic nucleus is most associated with feelings of thirst and hunger?

 Which of the following is NOT a part of the vestibular system?

What happens when membrane potential goes below -70mV?

Which type of auditory cell provides information regarding sound wave frequency?

Muscle spindles respond to which of the following?

Which of the following is best known as a sensory circumventricular organ?

Which of the following chemical is most commonly associated with pruritus?

When is it impossible to generate an action potential?

Which of the following fluids in the ear has the highest potassium concentration?

 Which of the following G proteins stimulates phospholipase C when type II taste receptors are stimulated?

Which of the following substances is higher in plasma compared to cerebrospinal fluid?

Which of the following branches of the nervous system is paired correctly with its action?

Which of the following is an function of ependymal cells?

A high pitch (i.e. 12 kHz) sound stimulates hair cells closest to which cochlear-related structure?

 Which of the given primary taste stimuli depend on G-protein-coupled receptors to depolarize the cell?

Acetylcholine released from preganglionic neurons binds to which of the following receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Dilation of the pupils is mediated through which of the following receptors?

Which type of glial cells are activated as a result of damage to the retina?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding photosensitive cells?

What is the mechanism of smell transduction via the olfactory nerve?

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the autonomic nervous system?

Where in the eye is a blind spot located?

What happens when photons reach the retina?

Which mechanoreceptors rapidly adapt and respond to light touch?

Destruction of which of the following hypothalamic areas will lead to anorexia?

Which of the following statements regarding autonomic regulation is INCORRECT?

Which of the following regions of the eye has the highest number of cone cells?

 In which part of the ear does amplification of sound occur?

Where are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system predominantly located?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the ionic concentration of cerebrospinal fluid as compared to plasma?

Sunlight changes the retinal component of rhodopsin into which of the following configurations?

Which chamber of the cochlea houses the Organ of Corti?

What receptor is used in the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system to transduce signals to the postganglionic nerve fiber?

Which of the following receptors in the sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate when engaged?

Off-center bipolar neurons of the eye predominately utilize which of the following receptor types?

Which structure senses sound wave frequency?

Golgi tendon organs send signals back to the spinal cord through which of the following fibers?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the length of the nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse into the pre-synaptic membrane?

Which of the following is considered a normal intraocular pressure?

Which muscle dampens sound waves when it contracts?

Extrafusal fibers cause muscle contraction through which of the following?

Which of the following receptor types have nerve fibers with the highest conduction velocity?

What is the term used to describe an action potential that “jumps” from one node of Ranvier to another?

Where are specialized photoreceptor response elements located in photoreceptor cells?

At the auditory nerve synapse level, depolarization of the pre-synaptic membrane causes calcium influx which results in the release of which of the following substances from the synaptic vesicles?

Through which of the following do Renshaw cells act?

Which of the following substances are released from sensory afferents in response to a painful stimulus?

Which of the below types of glial cells myelinate neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

What kind of molecule is transducin?

Which of the following is the main transducer molecule for G-protein-coupled type II taste receptors?

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding muscle reflexes?

Which transient receptor potential (TRP) channel responds to a noxious heat stimulus?

Where are neurotransmitter packets produced?

Which of the following would contribute to the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor membrane?

Which of the below nerves associated with muscle have the slowest conduction velocity?

Which mechanoreceptors sense vibration?

 Which of the following nerves is an important component of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Into which chamber of the eye does the ciliary body secrete fluid?

In which sequence does light enter and course through the eye?

Which ion enters hair cells after membrane depolarization?

Which of the following sensations are perceived by Merkel cells?

Which of the following receptors induces vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin when engaged?

Which of the following statements regarding action potential is TRUE?

Which of the following would cause the lens to relax?

Which of the following results when hair cells are bent toward the kinocilium?

Which of the following receptors responds to stretch and has a wide receptive field?

Which of the following receptors of the sympathetic system induces bronchiolar dilation when engaged?