Hormones and Signal Transduction Biochemistry 2023

Question 1 of 34

What is T3?

A liver hormone that plays an important role in the secretion of enzymes in the intestinal tract.
A substance, important in the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
An adrenal hormone that plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response.
A thyroid hormone, known as triiodothyronine that affects almost every physiological process in the human body.
Sex hormones that control the morphological changes in adult humans.

Question 2 of 34

At which point does the RAS protein become carcinogenic due to a single mutation?

21 or 16 amino acid position.
31 or 16 amino acid position.
12/13 or 61 amino acid position.
21 or 31 amino acid position.
21/31 or 16 amino acid position.

Question 3 of 34

Which statement regarding insulin signaling is true?

It activates phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Insulin signaling occurs in the same manner as epinephrine signaling.
It activates the cyclic AMP pathway.
It causes blood glucose levels to rise.

Question 4 of 34

The Philadelphia translocation is a genetic abnormality. Which chromosome is it located in, and why?

In chromosome 9, and it is due to reciprocal translocation of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22.
In chromosome 19, and it is due to reciprocal translocation of genetic material between chromosome 19 and chromosome 22.
In chromosome 22, and it is due to reciprocal translocation of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22.
In chromosome 6, and it is due to reciprocal translocation of genetic material between chromosome 6 and chromosome 22.
In chromosome 22, and it is due to reciprocal translocation of genetic material between chromosome 6 and chromosome 22.

Question 5 of 34

What kind of modification occurs during the communication of signals via the second messenger molecules in the case of non-steroid hormones?

Dehydration of protein molecules.
Covalent changes in protein molecules.
Conversion of triple bonds to double bonds between the 2 carbon atoms of a protein molecule.
Hydration of protein molecules.
Conversion of triple bonds to single bonds between the 2 carbon atoms of a protein molecule.

Question 6 of 34

Which statement regarding hormones is true?

They all cross the lipid bilayer by themselves.
They are all regulated by the pituitary gland.
They work in the region of the body where they are made.
They can diffuse through the blood-brain barrier.
They are the first messengers of a multi-component signal.

Question 7 of 34

Which statement regarding phospholipase C is true?

Phospholipase C protein acts as a second messenger that directly stimulates the gene expressions by binding with the DNA molecules.
An activated phospholipase C enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of the PIP2 molecule to IP3 and DAG.
Phospholipase C protein acts as a second messenger molecule for the synthesis of PIP2 from DAG and IP3.
Phospholipase C acts as an energy source for the transduction of extracellular response toward the Golgi apparatus.

Question 8 of 34

Which statement regarding RAS signaling is true?

It inactivates RAF.
It gets a phosphate put onto its GDP to make GTP.
It is focused on stimulating transcription.
It requires that RAS be a dimer to function.

Question 9 of 34

What does the binding of epinephrine by a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) do?

Causes the α-subunit of a G-protein to become activated with GDP.
Decreases the levels of cAMP.
Results in the production of cAMP by adenylate cyclase.
Stimulates the phosphatase activity of protein kinase A.

Question 10 of 34

Which actions occur in turning off the glycogen breakdown hormonal regulation pathway?

Caffeine inhibits glycogen phosphorylase.
The α-subunit of the G-protein turns itself off.
cAMP is broken down by phosphodiesterase.
Phosphoprotein phosphatase converts GTP to GDP.
Arrestin favors exocytosis.

Question 11 of 34

Which statement regarding steroid hormone receptors is true?

They transmit signals through the lipid bilayer.
They act more rapidly than G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).
They are protein kinases.
They are located in the intracellular compartment of cells.

Question 12 of 34

Which statement regarding the regulation of glycogen metabolism is true?

Glycogen synthesis and breakdown occur simultaneously.
Phosphorylation activates all of the enzymes.
Glycogen synthase catalyzes glycogen formation.
Phosphorylation inactivates all of the enzymes.

Question 13 of 34

Which enzyme breaks down the cyclic AMP molecule?

Phosphodiesterase
G-protein receptor kinase enzyme
Phosphatase
Phosphorylase kinase
Protein kinase A

Question 14 of 34

The adrenoceptors are classified as which of the following?

The second messengers.
The nuclear messengers.
The intracellular receptors.
The cytoplasmic messengers.
The G-protein coupled receptors.

Question 15 of 34

Which statement regarding non-hormone signaling methods is true?

They can be much more rapid than hormone signaling methods.
They are not as rapid as hormone signaling methods.
They include nerve transmission and protein degradation.
They require cells to expand.

Question 16 of 34

The β-adrenergic receptors participate in the management of a metabolism process. What is this process?

DNA metabolism
RNA metabolism
Glycogen metabolism
Debris metabolism
Nucleic acid metabolism

Question 17 of 34

Which statement regarding nerve signaling is true?

It has a cell with low sodium outside to start.
It is initiated by ion channel blocking molecules.
It involves changes in ion gradients.
It starts with potassium gates opening.

Question 18 of 34

Which statement regarding hormones is true?

They work in the region of the body where they are made.
They are the first messengers of a multi-component signal.
They can diffuse through the blood-brain barrier.
They all cross the lipid bilayer by themselves.
They are all regulated by the pituitary gland.

Question 19 of 34

What does reciprocal regulation aim to do?

Decrease the rate of a reaction.
Facilitate the concurrent activity of 2 closely parallel metabolic pathways.
Increase the rate of product formation.
Prevent the concurrent activity of 2 closely parallel metabolic pathways.
Prevent the concurrent inhibition of 2 separate metabolic pathways.

Question 20 of 34

Which statement regarding oncogenes is true?

They are unmutated genes known as proto-oncogenes.
They are genes whose structure or function has been disrupted.
They are not influenced by environmental factors.
They play normal roles in cell growth and division.

Question 21 of 34

Which statement regarding hormone receptors is true?

They are specific to a single type of substance.
They require co-factors to be stimulated.
They change shape on binding to another receptor.
They are always membrane bound.
They change shape when binding occurs.

Question 22 of 34

Which statement regarding Src is true?

It is a tyrosine kinase receptor.
It prevents cells from dividing when it has no phosphate.
It is a tyrosine protein kinase that is not a receptor.
It is activated by phosphorylation.

Question 23 of 34

Which statement regarding second messengers is true?

They use van der Waals forces to modify proteins.
They carry messages out of cells.
They use covalent interactions to modify proteins.
They use hydrogen interactions to modify proteins.

Question 24 of 34

What masks the β-adrenergic receptor?

The phosphate group on its extracellular domain part.
The arrestin protein after phosphorylation on its intracellular part by G-protein receptor kinase enzyme.
The cAMP molecule on its intracellular domain sites.
The GDP-αβγ molecular entity under the guidance of G-protein.
The G-protein receptor kinase, under the guidance of arrestin protein.

Question 25 of 34

Which statement regarding the HER2 receptor is true?

It is inhibited by Trastuzumab/Herceptin.
It is never expressed in malignant cells.
It promotes apoptosis in malignant cells.
It is an intracellular receptor.

Question 26 of 34

Which statement regarding G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is true?

They have 7 transmembrane domains.
They bind to ATP molecules.
They are rare in the human genome.
Explanation
They bind hormones with their intracellular domain.

Question 27 of 34

What does the alpha subunit of the G-protein do?

It breaks down GTP.
It breaks down GDP.
It synthesizes ATP.
It autodigests itself.
It digests adenylate cyclase.

Question 28 of 34

Which statement regarding Bcr-Abl fusion protein is true?

It is caused by a translocation between chromosomes 15 and 19.
It is treated with Gleevec, a GTPase inhibitor.
It is a tyrosine kinase that is activated by translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22.
It creates a tyrosine kinase that binds Gleevec differently than other tyrosine kinases.

Question 29 of 34

Which statement about steroid hormones is true?

They stimulate the secondary messenger molecules circulating in the blood plasma.
They cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors to exert their effects.
They bind to the cell membrane receptors to convey their message to the interior of the cell.
They directly bind to the surface of the red blood cells for their transfer to their site of action.
They need a carrier molecule for their transfer from the site of origin to the nuclear membrane.

Question 30 of 34

Which statement regarding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is true?

They do not regulate cell proliferation.
They remove phosphate from proteins.
They autophosphorylate on binding their hormone.
They are active primarily as monomers.

Question 31 of 34

What causes the action potential in the neurons?

The movement of ions across the cell membrane.
The movement of cAMP molecules across the cell membrane.
The movement of prostaglandins across the cell membrane.
The movement of proteins across the cell membrane.
The movement of GTP molecules across the cell membrane.

Question 32 of 34

Which statement regarding adrenaline is correct?

It is produced by the heart cells in response to danger.
It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response.
It stimulates the intestinal tract to release the enzymes for the breakdown of fats.
It leads to increased blood flow to the brain and a drop in blood sugar levels.

Question 33 of 34

Which statement regarding phosphorylation of tyrosines on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is true?

SH2 domains have no role to play.
It can occur on the outside or inside of the cell.
It turns off the signaling system.
It requires dimerization.

Question 34 of 34

What is the role of the Na+/K+ pump in the neuron cell membrane?

To move K+ ions out of the cell and pump Na+ ions back into the cell to set the action potential.
To move Na+ ions out of the cell and pump K+ ions back into the cell to recover the resting membrane potential.
To move K+ ions out of the cell and pump Na+ ions back into the cell to recover the resting membrane potential.
To move Na+ ions out of the cell and pump K+ ions back into the cell to set the action potential.
To move Na+ and K+ ions out of the cell to recover the resting membrane potential.

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